美国尼伯科无铅合金
NIBCO Lead Free Alloys
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二十多年来，美国尼伯科在无铅*给排水产品的开发和商业化领域一直处于领先地位。1992年，美国尼伯科是美国国内第一家使用铋基合金制造一系列无铅黄铜和青铜管件及阀门并推向美国国内给排水产品市场的制造商。今天，美国尼伯科制造了大量无铅阀门、管件和法兰。HydraPure®（液纯）系列产品是由硅基Performance Bronze™（高性能青铜 - 坚铜）合金制造的，其机械性能远远超过传统的给排水合金产品。远见卓识和丰富经验使美国尼伯科能够敏锐意识到未来可能出现的法规限制，能够始终走在给排水行业的前列 - 并保持AHEAD OF THE FLOW®（流体行业领先者）。
For over two decades, NIBCO has been at the forefront of development and commercialization of lead-free* plumbing products. In 1992, NIBCO was the first domestic manufacturer to introduce a line of lead-free brass and bronze fittings and valves using a bismuth-based alloy into the domestic plumbing market. Today, NIBCO manufactures a vast collection of lead-free valves, fittings and flanges. The HydraPure® line is manufactured from the silicon-based Performance Bronze™ alloy, which exhibits mechanical properties far exceeding traditional plumbing alloys. Vision and experience have enabled NIBCO to stay ahead of regulations, ahead of the industry - and AHEAD OF THE FLOW®.
1992年，美国尼伯科推出第一代HydraPure®（液纯）无铅产品时，使用了C89844铜铋合金。我们首先发现，用铋和其他成分取代铅不仅影响可制造性和产品安装，而且还影响其使用寿命，这在当时是具有前瞻性。类似的合金，包括铜铋合金C89833和C89836，今天仍被许多给排水行业的阀门和管件制造商使用。
When NIBCO introduced its first generation of HydraPure® lead-free products in 1992, NIBCO utilized the copper-bismuth alloy C89844. We discovered first hand that replacing lead with bismuth and other constituents not only affects manufacturability and product installation, but also service life - foresight way ahead of its time. Similar alloys, including the copper-bismuth alloys C89833 and C89836, are still being used by many plumbing valve and fitting manufacturers today.
但是，我们是专业制造商，我们不仅研究、开发和测试无铅合金，而且还研究、开发和测试无铅合金产品的生产工艺、制造方法和质量控制，这使我们能够更好地理解铋基合金所表现出的许多技术缺陷。
However, our level of expertise with not only research, development, and testing of lead-free alloys, but also with production methods and quality controls, have given us a better understanding of the many technical pitfalls exhibited by bismuth-based alloys.
因此，在所有给排水行业产品制造商中，美国尼伯科更加重视并专注于高质量、硅基Performance Bronze™（高性能青铜 - 坚铜）系列铜合金：C87600和C69300，而不仅仅局限于无铅铜铋合金。2009年，美国尼伯科根据不断变化的无铅给排水产品的要求，推出了新一代HydraPure®（液纯）硅Performance Bronze™（高性能青铜 - 坚铜）阀门、管件和法兰。
For these reasons, among others, rather than merely setting on a lead-free copper bismuth alloy, NIBCO chose to focus on the high quality, silicon-based Performance Bronze™ family of copper alloys: C87600 and C69300. In 2009, NIBCO launched a new generation of HydraPure® silicon Performance Bronze™ valves, fittings, and flanges in compliance with changing lead-free plumbing requirements.
美国尼伯科HydraPure®（液纯）硅Performance Bronze™（高性能青铜 - 坚铜）产品的优点包括：
NIBCO HydraPure® silicon Performance Bronze™ products benefits include:
硅不仅明显增强铜合金的强度（见下表），而且元素硅的熔点竟然高达1411℃。硅作为铜合金中的一种成分，其熔点足够高，因此在制造、安装或应用方面都不是值得担忧的因素，都可以放心无忧地进行焊接操作。
Silicon not only adds significant strength to copper alloys (see chart below), but elemental silicon also melts at an impressively high temperature of 2,572℉. The melting point of silicon, as a constituent in copper alloys, is high enough that it is not a factor with respect to manufacture, installation, or service and can be brazed with confidence.
| 合金对比 - 典型机械性能（室温） Alloy Comparison - Typical Mechanical Properties (Room Temperature) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 合金 Alloy |
描述 Description |
%铅 % Lead |
极限拉伸强度(psi) Ultimate Tensile Strength (psi) |
屈服强度(psi) Yield Strength (psi) |
%伸长率 % Elongation |
| C84400 | 半红青铜 Semi-Red Bronze |
7% | 34,000 | 15,000 | 26 |
| C92200 | 海军蒸汽青铜 Navy Steam Bronze |
1.50% | 34,000 | 16,000 | 22 |
| C89833 | 铋基无铅合金 Bismuth based LF alloy |
≤0.25% | 37,000 | 17,000 | 28 |
| C89836 | 铋基无铅合金 Bismuth based LF alloy |
≤0.25% | 33,000 | 15,000 | 20 |
| C87600 | 硅高性能青铜（坚铜） Silicon Performance Bronze™ |
≤0.25% | 66,000 | 32,000 | 20 |
| C87850/C69300 | 硅高性能青铜（坚铜） Silicon Performance Bronze™ |
≤0.25% | 63,000 | 26,000 | 25 |
白皮书：无铅*铜合金的比较
White Paper: A Comparison of Lead-Free* Copper Alloys
白皮书：高温性能的比较（铅和无铅*）
White Paper: A Comparison of High-Temperature Properties (Leaded and Lead-Free*)
白皮书：美国尼伯科无铅抗脱锌铜硅合金的可焊性
White Paper: Solderability of NIBCO Lead-Free* Dezincification Resistant Copper Silicon Alloys
和铅相比，铋显得很脆，而铅则有很好的韧性，但是这两种元素都不会增加铜合金的强度。铋的熔点温度为271.5℃，明显低于铅的327.5℃的熔点。焊接安装通常要求最低温度在215.6℃到310℃之间。而硬焊、银焊和铜焊甚至要求更高的温度，往往超过371℃。在焊接加热过程中，产品部件内部由于局部膨胀和收缩力产生的内应力，可能导致或与应用过程产生的的应力结合而导致铋基合金部件故障。所以，铋基无铅合金不适合进行钎焊（铜焊）。
Bismuth is very brittle in contrast to lead, which is very ductile, and neither element adds strength to copper alloys. The melting temperature of bismuth is 520.7℉, which is significantly lower than the 621.5℉ melting point for lead. Solder installation typically requires minimum temperatures between 420℉ and 590℉. Still more aggressive heating is required for hard soldering, silver soldering and brazing which are done at temperatures exceeding 700℉. During such heating, internal stresses resulting from localized expansion and contraction forces are created within the component alone or in combination with service-induced stress can lead to component failure produced from bismuth-based alloys. Bismuth-based lead free alloys should never be brazed.
给排水行业在耐腐蚀性方面已经取得了长足的进步，而在采用无铅合金时其耐腐蚀性方面不应该倒退。青铜/黄铜上的腐蚀主要与脱锌和应力开裂有关。制造过程中的许多因素会影响最终产品的实际耐腐蚀性，而合金生产商提供的公布数据也不能再被认为是最可靠的评价。美国尼伯科并不是仅仅通过合金检测报告结果或合金基本成分结构来确定预期产品的耐腐蚀性，而是让自己的产品通过第三方进行行业认可的国际标准化组织ISO标准检测，以证明实际的腐蚀性能。获得完全保证的唯一方法是测试实际安装在给排水系统中的组装产品。美国尼伯科HydraPure®（液纯）硅Performance Bronze®（高性能青铜）阀门和管件是按照以下标准进行测试，证实其耐腐蚀性能成功达到了行业最高水平：
The plumbing industry has come a long way in terms of corrosion resistance and should not go backwards when it comes to the implementation of lead-free* alloys. Corrosion as applied to bronze/brass is primarily related to dezincification and stress cracking. Many factors within the manufacturing process can affect corrosion resistance of the actual final product; in turn, published data presented by the alloy producer can no longer be considered the most reliable evaluation. Rather than determining expected product corrosion resistance strictly by the results of alloy testing or by basic alloy constituent make-up, NIBCO has products third-party tested to industry-accepted ISO standardized tests to substantiate actual corrosion performance. The only way to have full assurance is to test the assembled product that is actually installed in the plumbing system. NIBCO HydraPure® silicon Performance Bronze® valves and fittings have achieved the highest level of success in the following standardized tests:
抗脱锌 - 英国欧洲国际标准化组织BS EN ISO 6506标准：1995金属合金腐蚀性
Dezincification Resistance - BS EN ISO 6506: 1995 Corrosion of Metal Alloys
应力腐蚀开裂 - 国际标准化组织ISO 6957:1988（E）铜合金
Stress Corrosion Cracking - ISO 6957: 1988 (E) Copper Alloys
参阅第三方腐蚀性检测实验室测试结果
See the 3rd party results from Corrosion Testing Labs
腐蚀性检测结果 - 管件，止回阀和锻造球阀
Corrosion Testing Results - Fitting, Check Valve and Forged Ball Valve
腐蚀性检测结果 - 铸造两件式和三件式球阀
Corrosion Testing Results - Cast Two-Piece and Three-Piece Ball Valves
美国尼伯科始终坚持一个基本原则，即用来替换给排水产品合金中的铅的其他元素不应带来新的健康问题。正如在某些司法管辖区可能会监管饮用水中的铅含量一样，其他成分也可能从无铅*给排水合金产品中渗析出来，将来也可能受到监管。铋，铅矿开采时产生的副产品，目前在关于潜在健康危害的研究中可能认为铋与铅并不属于同一类型，尽管美国国家卫生基金会NSF国际在1995年公布了限制单一产品中铋最高允许浓度的动态水平。相反，应该注意的是，硅并不是一种受管制的物质，也没有已公布的信息表明硅可能会对饮用水的健康造成影响。
NIBCO has always held to the basic tenet that replacement of lead in plumbing alloys should not bring about additional health concerns. Just as levels of lead in drinking water may be regulated in some jurisdictions, other constituents may also leach from the lead-free* plumbing alloy and may be regulated as well in the future. Bismuth, a by-product of lead mining, may not currently be considered in the same category as lead in terms of research regarding potential health hazards, though NSF International did publish action levels in 1995 limiting the maximum allowable concentration of bismuth in a single product. In contrast, it should be noted that silicon is NOT a regulated substance and there is no published information indicating that silicon may pose drinking water health effects.
美国没有铋矿。中国、墨西哥和秘鲁是铋的主要生产国，中国铋产量占世界产量的40%。 铋的含量只有黄金的两倍，而且主要是铅开采的副产品，而硅是地壳中第二丰富的元素，仅次于氧气。
The USA has no bismuth deposits. China, Mexico and Peru are the leading producers of bismuth, with China accounting for 40% of world production. Bismuth is only about twice as abundant as gold and is extracted from the earth’s crust primarily as a by-product of lead mining, whereas silicon is the second most abundant element within the earth’s crust, second only to oxygen.
美国尼伯科HydraPure®（液纯）阀门和管件产品，已经达到美国国家卫生基金会/美国国家标准协会NSF/ANSI 61第8节标准中 - 有关水设备饮用水标准中严格测试的最高水平。在美国国家卫生基金会/美国国家标准协会NSF/ANSI 61标准中，有三种温度可供选择，美国尼伯科选择了最严苛的测试环境温度 - 商业热水温度（82℃），并完全符合标准要求。此外，HydraPure®（液纯）产品还获得美国国家卫生基金会/美国国家标准协会NSF/ANSI 372的认证，其产品与水有接触的部件的加权平均铅含量，完全满足2014年1月4日在美国全国生效的《安全饮用水法》的新要求。
NIBCO HydraPure® valve and fitting products have achieved the highest level of stringent testing within NSF/ANSI 61 drinking water standard for section 8, in-line devices. Within the NSF/ANSI 61 standard, there are three temperature options of which NIBCO elected to achieve the most stringent: Commercial Hot (180℉). In addition, HydraPure® products are also listed to NSF/ANSI 372, Weighted Average Lead Content of Water Contact Components, which satisfies new requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act taking effect nationally on January 4, 2014.
